Former Homelands  Bophuthatswana – Ciskei – Gazankulu – KaNgwane – KwaNdebele – KwaZulu – Lebowa –Qwaqwa – Transkei – Venda –

Note: Ten self-governing territories for different black ethnic groups were established as part of the policy of apartheid. Four of which were granted "independence" by South Africa (recognized only by South Africa and each other). These former South African Homelands or bantustans ceased to exist 27 Apr 1994 and were re-incorporated into South Africa, and all were absorbed into the new provinces.

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Bophuthatswana

19 Apr 1972 – 19 Apr 1973

19 Apr 1973 – 27 Apr 1994

Map of Bophuthatswana	Hear National Anthem “Lefatshe leno la bo-rrarona” (This Land of Our Forefathers)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 1977	Constitution (6 Dec 1977)
Capital: Mmabatho	Currency: South African Rand (ZAR)	National Holiday: 6 Dec (1977) Independence Day	Population: 2,489,347 (1992)
GDP: $420 million R (1984)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Tswana, North Sotho, Ndebele
Total Defense Force: about 4,000 (1993)		Religions: N/A
International Organizations/Treaties:  CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF

21 Apr 1961                Tswana Territorial Authority established.
Jun 1968                   Tswanaland
 1 Apr 1971                Bophuthatswana
 1 Jun 1972                Self-government granted.
 6 Dec 1977                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Bophuthatswana)
                            (recognized only by South Africa and the other homelands). 
13 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994  Occupied by South Africa.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integrated into South Africa.

Chief councillor
Dec 1968 -  1 Jun 1972     Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope     (b. 1923)
Chief minister
 1 Jun 1972 -  6 Dec 1977  Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope     (s.a.)              BNP;1974 BDP
President
 6 Dec 1977 - 10 Feb 1988  Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope     (s.a.)              BDP
                             (1st time)
10 Feb 1988                Rocky Malebana-Metsing             (b. 1949)           PPP
10 Feb 1988 - 13 Mar 1994  Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope     (s.a.)              BDP;1991 CDP
(2nd time)
Administrators
13 Mar 1994 - 26 Apr 1994  Tjaart Van der Walt                (b. 1934)
                           + Tebogo Job Mokgoro               (b. 1948)

Commissioners-general of Tswana (from 1971, Bophuthatswana)
 1 Jul 1960 - 1973         Ignatius Stefanus Kloppers         (b. 1907 - d. 1980)
Jul 1973 - Dec 1977        Gerhardus "Gerrie" Renier Wessels  (b. 1912 - d. 1998)

Party abbreviations: CDP = Christian Democratic Party (former BDP, 1991-1994); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: BDP = Bophuthatswana Democratic Party (former BNP, 1974-1991, renamed CDP); BNP= Bophuthatswana National Party (1972-1974, later BDP); PPP = Progressive People's Party (1987-Feb 1988, banned 1988)

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Ciskei

22 Jun 1973 – 27 Apr 1994         (officially adopted 22 Jun 1977)

According to Official Design

Map of Ciskei	Hear National Anthem “Nkosi Sikelel’i Afrika” (God, Bless Africa)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 4 Dec 1981	Constitution (4 Dec 1981)
Capital: Bisho (to 1981 Zwelitsha)	Currency: South African Rand (ZAR)	National Holiday: 4 Dec (1981) Independence Day	Population: 1,088,476 (1992)
GDP: $291.9 million R (1989)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Xhosa (Rarabe-Xhosa and Mfengu)
Total Defense Force: about 2,000 (1993)		Religions: N/A
International Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF

24 Mar 1961                Ciskei Territorial Authority established (to 1968 see Transkei).
14 Nov 1968                Ciskei
 1 Aug 1972                Self-government granted.
 4 Dec 1981                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Ciskei)
                             (recognized only by South Africa and the other homelands). 
22 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994  Occupied by South Africa.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integrated into South Africa.

Chief Executive Councillor
1 Jan 1969 -  1 Aug 1972  Justice Thandatha Jongilizwe       (b. 1926)            CNP
                             Mabandla
Chief ministers
 1 Aug 1972 - 21 May 1973  Justice Thandatha Jongilizwe       (s.a.)               CNP
                             Mabandla
21 May 1973 - 1975         Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe         (b. 1926 - d. 1994)  CNIP
                             (1st time)
1975                       Charles Sebe (acting)              (d. 1991)            Mil
1975 -  4 Dec 1981         Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe         (s.a.)               CNIP
                             (2nd time)
President
 4 Dec 1981 -  4 Mar 1990  Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe         (s.a.)               CNIP
Chairman of the Military Committee and of the Council of State
 4 Mar 1990 - 22 Mar 1994  Joshua Oupa Gqozo                  (b. 1952)            Mil;1991 ADP
Administrators
23 Mar 1994 - 26 Apr 1994  Pieter van Rensburg Goosen 
                           + Bongani Blessing Finca           (b. 1953)

Commissioner-general of Ciskei
 1 Sep 1976 -  4 Dec 1981  J.J. Engelbrecht

Party abbreviations: ADP = African Democratic Party (Gqozo personalist, Jul 1991-1994); CNIP = Ciskei National Independence Party (Sebe personalist, 1978-1990 only legal party, 1973-Mar 1990, suspended 1990); CNP = Ciskei National Party (Mabandla personalist, 1968-1978); Mil = Military

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Gazankulu

18 Dec 1973 – 27 Apr 1994

Map of Gazankulu	Capital: Giyani	Hear Local Anthem “Nkosi Sikelel’i Afrika” (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 803,806 (1992)
GDP: $323,880,000 R (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Shangaan-Tsonga, North Sotho, Venda, Swazi

1969                       Tsonga National Unit
 1 Jul 1971                Machangana
 1 Feb 1973                Gazankulu (self-rule granted).
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief Councillor 
 1 Jul 1971 -  1 Feb 1973  Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi    (b. 1920 - d. 1993) 
Chief ministers
 1 Feb 1973 - 25 Mar 1993  Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi    (s.a.)               1983: XXP
25 Mar 1993 - Apr 1993     Edward Mhinga (acting)             (b. 1927)            XPP
Apr 1993 - 26 Apr 1994     Samuel Dickenson Nxumalo           (b. 1928)            XPP

Commissioners-general of Machangana (from 1973, Gazankulu)
 1 May 1970 - 1980         Evert Frederick Potgieter          (b. 1921 - d. 19..)
1980 - 1985                Jacobus "Kobus" Adriaan Jordaan
 1 Jun 1985 - 1994         H.O. Mönnig

Party abbreviations: XPP = Ximoko Progressive Party; XXP = Ximoko Xa Rixaka (Whip of the Nation, only legal party, est.1983, later XPP)

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KaNgwane

 31 Aug 1984 – 27 Apr 1994 No Flag Adopted

Map of KaNgwane	Capital: Nyamasane (Louieville)	Hear Local Anthem “Nkosi Sikelel’i Afrika” (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 597,783 (1992)
GDP: $151,620,000 R (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Swazi, Shangaan-Tsonga, Zulu and North Sotho

 1 Oct 1976                Swazi Territorial Authority established.
1978                       Legislative assembly granted.
1981                       Self-rule granted.
18 Jun 1982 -  9 Dec 1982  Homeland status suspended.
31 Aug 1984                Self-rule restored.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief Councillors
1976 -  8 Oct 1977         Johannes Mkolishi Dlamini 
(chairman of the executive committee)
8 Oct 1977 - 18 Jun 1982  Enos John Mabuza (1st time)        (b. 1939 - d. 1997)
                            (from Apr 1981, chief executive councillor)
Administrator
18 Jun 1982 -  9 Dec 1982  N.J. Badenhorst
Chief ministers
 9 Dec 1982 -  1 Apr 1991  Enos John Mabuza (2nd time)        (s.a.)               1988: INP
                            (chief executive councillor to Aug 1984)
15 Apr 1991 - 26 Apr 1994  Mangisi Cephas Zitha               (b. 1940)

Commissioners-general of Swazi (from 1981, KaNgwane)
1978 -  1 Feb 1982         George F. Botha
Feb 1982 - Jan 1988        Theunis Nicolaas Hendrik "Punt"    (b. 1917 - d. 1988)
                             Janson
1988 - 199.                H.J. Tempel

Party abbreviations: INP = Inyandza National Movement (est.1978); IsNP = Inzika National Party

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KwaNdebele

6 Oct 1982 – 27 Apr 1994

Map of KwaNdebele	Capital: KwaMhlanga (Siyabuswa 1981-1986)	Hear Local Anthem “Nkosi Sikelel’i Afrika” (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 373,012 (1992) Moutse- 130,000 (1986)
GDP: $509,500,000 R (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: South Ndebele, North Sotho, others

 7 Oct 1977                South Ndebele Territorial Authority.
 1 Oct 1979                KwaNdebele
 1 Apr 1981                Self-rule granted.
12 Aug 1986                Legislative Assembly rejects independence scheduled for 11 Dec 1986.
 6 May 1987                Legislative Assembly makes unanimous decision to opt for
                             independence. However, South Africa requests a referendum be held.
29 Mar 1988 - 27 Apr 1994  Moutse district (added 1986) administered by South Africa.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief ministers
Oct 1977 - 17 Nov 1986     Simon Somkhahlekwa Skosana         (b. 1927 - d. 1986)  Non-party
                            (chief executive councillor to Apr 1981)
17 Nov 1986 - 27 Nov 1986  Klaas Mtshiweni (acting)
27 Nov 1986 -  3 Feb 1989  Prince George Majozi Mahlangu      (b. 1951)
 3 Feb 1989 - 30 Apr 1990  Prince Jonas Masana Mabena         (b. 1936)
30 Apr 1990 - 26 Apr 1994  Prince Senzangakhona James         (b. 1953 - d. 2005)  IYS
                             Mahlangu

Commissioners-general of KwaNedebele
 1 Oct 1979 - 1981         J.A. van Tonder
 1 Oct 1981 - 30 Jun 1985  Johan T. Mills
 1 Jul 1985 - 20 Sep 1986  Gerrie J. van der Merwe
1986 - 1987                ....
 1 Jun 1987 - 199.         P.J.K. Kriel
 

Party abbreviations: Con = Contralesa (traditional leadership, est.1987); IYS = Intando ye Sizwe(The Will of the Nation Party, est.1988)

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KwaZulu

28 Oct 1977 – 30 May 1984

30 May 1984 – 27 Apr 1994

Map of KwaZulu	Capital: Ulundi	Hear Local Anthem “Nkosi Sikelel’i Afrika” (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 5,748,950 (1992)
GDP: $1,434,540,000 R (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Basotho, others

 9 Jun 1970                Zululand Territorial Authority
 1 Apr 1972                KwaZulu
 1 Feb 1977                Self-rule granted.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief minister
 9 Jun 1970 - 26 Apr 1994  Ashpenaz Nathan Mangosuthu              (b. 1928)         INCLM;
                             Gatsha Buthelezi                                        1990 IFP                             (chief executive councillor to 1 Apr 1972)

Commissioners-general of Zulu (from 1 Apr 1972, KwaZulu)
 1 Jul 1960 - 1965         Cornelius Gert Nel                      (b. 1908 - d. 1970)
 1 Aug 1965 - 1970         Johannes Jeremias Boshoff               (b. 1895 - d. 1984)
1970 - Jul 1979            Philip Heinrich "Henry" Torlage         (b. 1909 - d. 1987)
 1 Aug 1979 - 198.         Paul Nicholaas "Nico" Hansmeyer         (b. 1921)
 1 Jan 1989 - 199.         C. Anthony "Tony" Erskine               (b. 1932)

Party abbreviation: INCLM = Inkatha Yenkululeko Yesizwe (Crown National Cultural Liberation Movement, est.1975, renamed Inkatha Freedom Party [IFP] 14 Jul 1990)

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Lebowa

5 Jul 1974 – 27 Apr 1994

Map of Lebowa	Capital: Lebowakgomo	Hear Local Anthem “Nkosi Sikelel’i Afrika” (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 2,924,584 (1992)
GDP: $733,710,000 R (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: North Sotho, Shangaan-Tsonga, Ndebele, Swazi, others

 1 Jul 1960                North Sotho National Unit
 1 Jul 1971                Lebowa
 2 Oct 1972                Self-rule granted.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief ministers
Aug 1969 -  8 May 1973     Mokgoma Maserumule Matlala        (b. 1923?)           LNP
                            (chief councillor to 2 Oct 1972)
 8 May 1973 -  7 Oct 1987  Cedric Makepeace Namedi           (b. 1912 - d. 1987)  LPP
                             Phatudi
7 Oct 1987 - 21 Oct 1987  Z.T. Seleki (acting)                                   LPP 
21 Oct 1987 - 26 Apr 1994  Mogoboya Noko Nelson Ramodike     (b. 1941 - d. 2012)  LPP
                             (from 1989, Prime minister)

Commissioners-general of Lebowa
 1 Jul 1960 - 1971         Werner Willi Max Eiselen          (b. 1899 – d. 1977)
1972 - 1977                Gert Pieter Christiaan            (b. 1919 - d. 1977)
                             Bezuidenhout
1977 - 1982                Roelof McLachlan                  (b. 1916 - d. ....)  
1982 - 31 Jan 1988         Petrus Johannes Visser Erasmus    (b. 192.)
                             Pretorius
Mar 1988 - 22 Nov 1989     Nicolaas Johan Nieuwoudt          (b. 1929 - d. 1989)
 1 Apr 1990 - Nov 1992     J. Martin "Thabo" Koekemoer       (b. 1938)

Party abbreviations: LNP = Lebowa National Party; LPP = Lebowa People's Party (est.1972, from 1988 renamed Thari ya Setshaba)

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Qwaqwa

18 Jul 1975 – 27 Apr 1994

Map of Qwaqwa	Capital: Phuthaditjhaba	Hear Local Anthem “Nkosi Sikelel’i Afrika” (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 288,155 (1992)
GDP: $151,990,000 R (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Basotho (Qwaqwa, Kwena, Tlokwa)

 1 Jul 1960                South Sotho National Unit
24 Apr 1969                Basotho ba Borwa Territorial Authority established.
 1 Apr 1972                Basotho Qwaqwa
 1 Nov 1974                Qwaqwa (self-rule achieved).
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief ministers
Apr 1969 - Feb 1975        Wessels Mota                       (d. 1988)           1974: BUP
                            (chief councillor to 1 Nov 1974,
                             then chief executive councillor)
Mar 1975 - 26 Apr 1994     Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli              (b. 1930)           DP
                            (chief executive councillor to 19 May 1975)

Commissioners-general of Basotho (1969-72 Basotho Qwaqwa, from 1974 Qwaqwa)
 1 Jul 1960 - 19..         Simon Frederik Papenfus            (b. 1905 - d. ....)
1970 - 1975                Nicolaas Christiaan "Chris" van    (b. 1913)
                             Rooyen Sadie                 
 1 Oct 1975 -  9 Nov 1983  Jacobus Stephanus "Kosie"          (b. 1918 - d. 2010)
                             Pansegrouw
1983/84 - 1985             J.M. van Rooyen                    (d. 1985)
 1 Jul 1985 - 14 Mar 1990  David "Dawie" McKenzie Grewar      (b. 1927 - d. 1990)
16 May 1990 - 1994         Willem Adriaan Odendaal

Party abbreviations: BUP = Basotho Unity Party (est.1974); DP = Dikwankwetla Party (governing party, est.1974)

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Transkei

1964 – 31 May 1966 (provisional)

31 May 1966 – 27 Apr 1994

Map of The Transkei	Hear National Anthem “Nkosi Sikelel’i Afrika” (God, Bless Africa)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 26 Oct 1976	Constitution (26 Oct 1976)
Capital: Umtata	Currency: South African Rand (ZAR)	National Holiday: 26 Oct (1976) Independence Day	Population: 4,746,796 (1992)
GDP: $784 million R (1989)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: mainly Xhosa, Basotho, Zulu, white
Total Defense Force: 3,500-4,000 (1993)		Religions: N/A
International Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF

1960                       Xhosa National Unit
24 Mar 1961                Transkei Territorial Authority established.
30 May 1963                Self-government granted.
26 Oct 1976                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Transkei)
                             (recognized only by South Africa and the other homelands).
27 Apr 1994                Re-integrated into South Africa.

Presidents
26 Oct 1976 -  1 Dec 1978  Botha Manzolwandle Jongilizwe      (b. 1913 - d. 1978)  NIPT 
                             Sigcau 
 1 Dec 1978 - 19 Feb 1979  Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla (acting)
19 Feb 1979 - 20 Feb 1986  Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima         (b. 1915 - d. 2003)  NIPT
20 Feb 1986 - 26 Apr 1994  Tutor Nyangilizwe Vulindlela       (b. 1921 - d. 1997)  NIPT; 1987
                             Ndamase                                               Non-party

Chief councillor
1961 -  6 Dec 1963         Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima         (s.a.)
Chief minister
 6 Dec 1963 - 26 Oct 1976  Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima         (s.a.)               1964: NIPT
Prime ministers
26 Oct 1976 - 20 Feb 1979  Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima         (s.a.)               NIPT
20 Feb 1979 - 24 Sep 1987  George Mzimvubu Matanzima          (b. 1918 - d. 2000)  NIPT
25 Sep 1987 -  5 Oct 1987  Dumnisani Gladstone Gwadiso        (b. 1952)            NIPT
                            (acting)
 5 Oct 1987 - 30 Dec 1987  Stella Margaret Nomzano Sigcau (f) (b. 1937 - d. 2006)  NIPT
Chairman of the Military Council and of the Council of Ministers
30 Dec 1987 - 26 Apr 1994  Harrington Bantu Holomisa          (b. 1955)            Mil

Commissioners-general of Xhosa (from 1961, Transkei)
 1 Jul 1960 - 31 May 1974  Johannes "Hans" Hendrikus Abraham  (b. 1908 – d. 1978)
31 May 1974 - 26 Oct 1976  D.H. "Danie" Potgieter      

Party abbreviations (from Dec 1987 parties banned): NIPT = National Independence Party of Transkei (pro-independence, 1964-1987); Mil = Military

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Venda

1 May 1973 – 27 Apr 1994

Map of Venda	Hear National Anthem “Pfano na vhuthihi” (Peace and Togetherness)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 1979	Constitution (13 Sep 1979)
Capital: Thohoyandou	Currency: South African Rand (ZAR)	National Holiday: 13 Sep (1978) Independence Day	Population: 718,207 (1990)
GDP: $688.2 millon R (1989)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: vhaVenda, others
Total Defense Force: about 1,800 (1993)		Religions: N/A
International Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF

1962                       Thohoyandou Bantu Authority
20 Jun 1969                Venda Territorial Authority
 1 Jun 1971                Venda
 1 Feb 1973                Self-government achieved.
13 Sep 1979                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Venda)
                             (recognized only by South Africa and the other homelands).
27 Apr 1994                Re-integrated into South Africa.

Presidents
13 Sep 1979 - 17 Apr 1988  Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu  (b. 1926 - d. 1988)  VNP
17 Apr 1988 -  5 Apr 1990  Frank Nndwakhulu Ravhele           (b. 1926 - d. 1999)  VNP
                             (acting to 10 May 1988)
Heads of State (Chairmen of the Council of National Unity)
 5 Apr 1990 - 25 Jan 1994  Gabriel Mutheiwana Ramushwana      (b. 1941 - d. 2015)  Mil
25 Jan 1994 - 26 Apr 1994  Tshamano Gerso Ramabulana                               Mil

Chief executive councillor
1962 - Oct 1969            Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu  (s.a.)
Chief councillor
Oct 1969 -  1 Feb 1973     Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu  (s.a.)
Chief minister
 1 Feb 1973 - 13 Sep 1979  Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu  (s.a.)               VNP

Commissioners-general of Venda (and to 1969 Tsonga)
Apr 1966 - 1975            Michiel Daniel Christiaan de       (b. 1901 - d. 1984)
                             Wet Nel
 1 May 1975 - 12 Sep 1979  Johannes Cornelius Otto 

Party abbreviations: VNP = Venda National Party (traditionalist, only legal party Aug 1986-Apr 1990, banned from Apr 1990); Mil = Military

 

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